If F _ { bfo } \, is off by a small amount, then the beat frequency is not exactly F _ b \,, which can lead to the speech distortion mentioned earlier.
2.
A technique for obtaining an estimate of the glottal volume velocity waveform during voiced speech is the "' inverse-filtering "'of either the radiated acoustic waveform, as measured by a microphone having a good low frequency response, or the volume velocity at the mouth, as measured by a pneumotachograph at the mouth having a linear response, little speech distortion, and a response time of under approximately 1 / 2 ms.
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